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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and companies belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who want to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can help by including to it. In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or highly regarded people. Perth Scientology. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a religion in numerous countries, Scientology has also been referred to as both a cult and an industrial business.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In why not look here January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet poll run by the governmental transition group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church Web Site members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and committed among the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity devoted by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or organization was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive techniques in attending to those it views as attempting to suppress them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper known to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.